Maize Leaf Blight, Cauise by the NECROTROPHIC PATHOGEN BIPOLARIS MAYDIS, presents a significant global threat to Maize Cultivation. E Becomes Epidemic Under Favouric Conditions, and Phenotyping Under Artificial Epiphytotic Conditions with High Disease Pressure Pressure Be Cost-Intersi. ve. Therebeore, APROFOUND UNDERSTANDINGINGHOF HOST PLANT Resistance (HPR) is Impeatic to Identify Molecular Markeers for Mlb Resistance and Enhance the EFFICIENCY Resist TR. opical and subtropical Maize Germplasm [52]. The Present Study Leveraged High Heritability (0.79) for the mlb disisease score, BasedOn Pooled Data from the Caam Panel, in Four Environments, Suggesting The Posses of Accurate PhenotyPic Selectment for Mlb Resistance [53, 54]. E Caam Panel Exhibited Lower Genetic Relatedness, Rapid Linkage Disequilibrium (LD) DeCay, and AModerate Population Structure. Moderate Population Structure in Cimmyt Asia Tropical and Sub-Tropical Lines Reported in Previous Studies [55]. [56] Corroboometry This Observation and Reported Substantial Diversity in Tropical and Subtropical Lines in the Asian Region, RenderingIt Challenging to Establish Clear-Cut Distinctions Into Well-Defined Clusters. Rom WHERE Asian Lines WERERED HAD A Heterogeneous Nature with Larger Diversity within, Than BetweenSource Populations. It is know that ld decays more rapidly in tropical Maize Germplasm (1 kb) than in template Germplasm (10 kb), but Faster LD DeCay Rates HAV. E Been Reported in Some Tropical Diversity Panels [58].
Identification of 26 SNPS SIGNIFICANTLY Association with Mlb with Low to Modrate Effect Sizes Across all 10 Chromosomes SuggestTance D by Multiple Quantitative Trart Nucleotides (QTNS) with Small Effects. Our Observation of the Quantitative Nature of Mlb Has Been Reported in EarlierStudies Also [14–15]]. Chromosome-Spect-Specific Analysis Revers Cruction Genomic Regions that are important for Disease Resistance, and Residentance To Mlb i n particular. Chromosomal Bin 8.06, Found in our study, comprised fire snps.These Identify Snps Colocalized with The QTL QMSR8 (151.45 to 166.98 MB), Whig Was Identify from the Same Am Panel and Validated for Charcoal Rot by a Necrotrophogen) [54]. This bin Also Harbour qtls for Other Important Diseases; GLS, NCLB, Common Rust, and Smut [59, 60]. FURTHERMORE, Comprehensive Meta-Qtl Analysis Revealed the Presence of Qtls On Chromosome 8, Accompanied by Signif ICANT CONSENSUS QTLS Association with Mlb, NCLB, and GLS, All Located withina narrow confidence interval [61]. Based on theSe Well-Aligned Reports, We Suggest FURTHER Studies on the SIGNIFIFICANT AsSociate ROMOSOMAL BIN FORIDATION and Deployment Efforts to Combat Mlb Effectively. FURTHERMORE, BIN 8.01 (comprising SNP S8_8887701)Corresponds to a Previous Study Reporting A QTL (QAUDPC8.1) in the Indian Germplasm for Mlb, Emphasizing Relevance of Bin 8.01 in Mlb Resistance [62]. Chromosome 3 Been Reported to Harbour the Maximum Number of Qtls (AT 25 LOCI) forResistance to Mlb Specifically in Bin 3.04 [15,16,17, 19],] Possessing Major Qtls Which are validated in differentic backgrounds. IGHTED The Significance of Genomic Regions with Bins 3.04–3.08 for MLB Resistance 61]]. We Identify One SNP (S3_156792785) In Bin 3.05 in our gwas Study. This bin is also recognized for harshabouring Stable Genomic Regions Linked to Other Diseases Cautrophs, E.G., Fusarium Ear rot [63].
We Identify Two Snps within Chromosomal Bin 6.01 (S6_21316804 and S6_34825812). ases, and mlb [64]. A minor QTL associated with mlb resision was reported in this bin [41].Moreover, The Rhm1 Gene, Known to Confer Complete Mlb Resistance Against Race 'O', is situated with, E publicity of a brokener spectrum of allelic var before 6.01.Three Snps Were Reported on Chromosome 5, AMONG Which One Snp (S5_140936401) WAS Reported in Bin 5.04. Previous Studies [22, 65],] Have Identify Significant SNPS Association with Mlb Resistance with 5.04. Additivelyly, Bin 5.04 Has Been Reported toHost Residentance Against NCLB, GLS, and Mlb, As Documented by Martins et al. [66]. Lier Research Findings WHERE A DISEASE QTL (DQTL) for MLB WASReported. This Finding Emanated from Two B73-Resistant Nils (NC292 and NC330) Against Mlb, Which WEERE Developed by Repeated Backcrossing With Elite Source of Mlb Resistance (NC250P), FURTHER Reinforcing The Significance of this Genomic Region in Conferring Residence [66].Two Snps Identify to Be Significantly Associated with Mlb Resistance in this Study (S1_233546091 and S1_232344813) On Chromosome 1, COLOCALI Zed with Earlier Reported Snps Against NCLB [36] and Fusarium Stalk Rot [67] in the Same Panel. Moreover,In Previous Studies, No Snps or QTLS Colocalized with The PHYSICAL COORDINATES of Snps Reported in the Seven Novel Chromosomal Bins Association with Mlb (Table 6 ).Jaipur Stock
The Majority of the Hablotype Blocks Identify from Our Haplged Analysis Weremed with Two or Three Snps. Tricately Linked to the level of linKage Disequilibrium (LD) within the population under Study, as elucidated by Slatkin (2008)[68]. A Rapid Decay of ld Results in the formation of Smaller Happy [69, 70]. iFied Within Chromosomal Bin 8.06, Which Corrobature With Our Gwas Findings. This.HapLotype was found to account for approximately 9.3% (EP2) and 5.3% (EP1) of the Variation Observation for the Trait Respectively in Our Study. Two Hablotype OCKS, Reported in Two Novel Bins, 2.00 (HAP_2.1) & 1.11 (HAP_1.2) Explained pve of 9.1%, 5.7% for EP2, and 5.1%, 4.6% for EP1, Respectively. The user of happypes the phenotypic explained, and can be ben EFICIAL When Identifying Marker Phenotype Associations for the Genetic Dissection of LociUnderlying the Complex Trait [71]. AddityAlly, SNPS/ Haplotypes Reported in Previously Unreported Genomic Regions (9.06, 5.01, 9.01, 7.04, 6.06, 6. 05, 2.00, and 1.11) Could be unique to the caam Panel and the Environment Studied, And Could Be Candidates for Enriched Allelic Diversity Association with Mlb Resistance.
Twenty-Snps associated with Mlb Resistance in this Study WeeRe Association with Annotated Genets with Functional Domains that Were Previously Report to Influen CE Disease Resistance in Various Crops (Table 5). Genes in Chromosome 8 Play Pivotal ROLES in Various Defence Pathways, Viz.,,, Viz.,,,.,AND Activity of Basal Defence by Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases, Serine/Threonine Protein Kinase Activity, Circadian Rhythm-Gyened Basal Immunity, Hy Persensitive Cell Death Response, and Transport of Secondary Metabolites Required Against Necrotrophs, E.G., PHYTOALEXINS, Especialle Camalexin (3-Thiazol-2-yl-indole), A Secondary Metabolite to B. Maydis [73-76]. Based on the Predict Co-Expression Results, Co-EXPRESSION OF TheSES WAS DETECTED I n the network, and it could be posble that thesegenes (Bin 8.06) May Form a Cluster, Initiaating A Cascade of Reactions Against Mlb, Which Warrants FURTHER Investigation [76]. FURTHERMORE, The Expression of the Exceeded 10-FPKM in All Leaf Zones.ABI3/GRMZM2G313737 Underscore Their Role in Basal Defence Response Via Mamp Responsive Mapk MeChanisms [77, 78]. F CIRCADIAN RHYTHM-GENERATED BASAL Immunity Against Mlb, Which Reveals The Potential for FURTHER Studies on Such Genes in thefuture [75]. The candidate gene grmzm2g013581/MyB DNA Binding Domain (bin 6.01) was identified in our study. [25] Functionally Validated GeneyBr92 ( Encoding a myb-like transcripting factor) aginst mlb.
SPECIFIC Genes Association with Novel Snps Identify are functionally recipized for their expression. Ylene, Which EnSitivity to NECROTROPHIC PATHOGENS [79]. For Example, The Transcript Factor (TF) BZIP 23/GRMZM2G033413 (S9_8243435) IS KNOWN to Modulate The Response to Various Stresses, Including Abiotic Factors and Hormone Transdu [80]. Ved in Plant-DEFENCE Responses Regulard by Ja and ITS METHYL Ester, Methyl Jasmonate (Meja) Against Necrotrophs[81]. GRMZM5G8007/NAGS1 (S7_161657633) is involved in the L-Raginine BiosyntheSis Pathway [82]. c oxide (no) and polyamines (PAS), Both of which are known to promotDefence Mechanisms. AC210013.4_FG014/CDPK7 (S5_3412526) Gene has found to respond to various Stimuli, Including Abscisic Acid (ABA), Cold, Drough T, SALINITY, Heat, Elicors, and Pathogens [840]. Our Study Highlightd the Posses RoleOf Ubiquitination Required in Facilitation The Function of NBS-LRR Proteins (Promotion Effector-Triggered Immunity), Specified Ubiquitin Protein (Ligase Binding) Gene Associated with SNP S1_232344813) [84]. Genes E3 Ubiquitin Protein (Ligase) and CDPK7have ben reported in a previous study [25] as associated with responce to mlb. Another important geyg4444623/Aspartic ProteinaSe 66482019) WAS Identify Was Reported to Reduce the Activity of FUNGAL Phytases. In Barley, A Related Gene Nepenthesin-1 (HVNEP-) WAS Discovered that Reduced the Production of MyCotoxin 15-ACETYLDEOXYNIVALENOL (15-Adon) from Fusarium Graminearum [85]. o investigate the role of Nep2 in Mlb Resistance in MaizeSimla Wealth Management. The reported Snps inGenes Association with the JA/ET Signalling Pathway and Other Defence Mechanisms Add DEPTH to Our UNDERSTANDINGINGINGO MLB Resistance to carry forward with independent value of the candidate general.
Moreover, Contrasting Gentypes Identify in this Study Could Be Used to Development Popurations for FURTHER GENTIC DISSECTION of the Trait, The ConstRuition of Breeder-Friendly Kompetitive Allele-Specific PCR (Kasp) Markers for the Significant and Stable Mtas/Single Snps Identify May FacilityThe deployment of the Genomic Regions Through Marker-Assisted Selection in The Maize Breed PROCESS. In Addition, The SIGNIFICANT MTAS Identified During During the Current Study Can Be Integrated Into Genomic Prediction Models to Evaluate their Potential for Selection for Mlb. Desirable Haplotypes Can be used for usingHaplotype-Based Breeding in Maize for Mlb Resistance Through Resequencing Approach ass, The Molecular Markers that Define the Favaralpes Can Be ED and used to select the most designation of haplotypes governing the specification phenotype. Moreover, inbred lines with novel recombination CKSof Interest Can be selected by Haplotype-Related Markers [86]. The identify important genes may also be validated functional genomics techniques. The Potential Challenge One Can Face is IMPACT on the Marker/SNP Effect Whit With Populations and EnvironmentsThis challenge arises day to be differencs in ld BetWeen SNP and Qtl in Different Popurations, Effect of G X E interseted, and spurious associations [87] OverALL, This comprehensive genomomic analysis provides valuable insights for targeted breegies to enhance mlb resision in Maize.
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